fusitriton oregonensis pathogen

Summarize this article for a 10 years old, Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:476496), The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:476496). WebThese patterns of abundance correlate with feeding preferences and distributional patterns of the predatory snail Fusitriton oregonensis, which occurs only in rocky subtidal sites, prefers ascidians over other invertebrates as prey and prefers phlebobranchs over stolidobranchs. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . The incentive for producing apyrene sperm, however, appears still to result from evolutionary conflict; in this case with other males. By contrast, for the simplest case of random mixing among sperm in the female, the incentive for individual sperm to engage in competitive behaviours is expected to be high irrespective of female mating behaviour (dotted line, Figure 1A). Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. This means that sperm will probably join with sperm from the same male rather than sperm from another male that mates before or afterwards; i.e., there may often be positive relatedness within the sperm groups (Figure 1, Box 1). This case is also the most interesting, because it generates non-zero relatednesses that may select for complex social traits (see Box 1). WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Oregon triton Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2100 This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. However, there is also evidence for gene expression in sperm during and after meiosis [35,36], including the striking examples of segregation distorters. More formally, relatedness is calculated as (pR - p)/(pA - p) where pR, pA, and p denote focal gene frequency at a focal locus in recipients, actors, and the population at large [43]. Veliger larvae of the NE Pacific snail Fusitriton oregonensis were reared in culture for 4.5 to 4.6 years from hatching to metamorphosis and through postlarval growth to reproduction. As opossum conjugate sperm pairs move through the female oviduct and approach the egg, they split up, and while one swims on with fervour, the other falls away and loses motility [12,13]. (2010). Show More The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. Perhaps the key driver for increased motility, however, is sperm competition between the ejaculates of different males. (C) Montage of two transmission electron microscopy sections of a carrier parasperm transporting eusperm (long dark nuclei) with some cross-sections of eusperm and carrier and lancet parasperm (credit: John Buckland-Nicks). Corporate life tells of its advantages: an effectively allied group will reliably trump a group in conflict. Short-beaked echidnas may also experience intense inter-male sperm competition because males have large testes and form queues of up to 11 individuals competing over the same receptive female [11]. An associated question is whether stratified sperm are able to actively recognise other sperm, or whether associations result from passive processes such as the spatial separation of ejaculates within a female. It is said that the species name (oregonesis) celebrated the naming of the Oregon territory. WebFusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. And all else being equal, selection for altruistic grouping behaviours will increase with increased levels of mixing with the sperm of other males, which offers an alternative explanation for the observed link between inter-male sperm competition and grouping (purple line, Figure 1A). Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, izdavayemye Zoologicheskim Institutom AN SSSR. 116: 1-292 [In Russian]. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. WebDepth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 4: 163-168, pls 10-11. In other words, taking the perspective of the haploid genome in a sperm cell, different sperm haplotypes from the same male are in evolutionary conflict [5,6], while from the perspective of the diploid genome of the male parent, all sperm are equally valuable. Why would such sperm evolve? WebAbstract. Puzzling at first, this hook is now thought to help sperm to reversibly form groups of up to several hundred sperm (Figure 2A and 2B). Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. An extraordinarily long larval duration of 4.5 Years from hatching to metamorphosis for teleplanic veligers of Fusitriton oregonensis. [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. WebThe mechanisms by which Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis persists in the presence of F. oregonensis is unknown. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. [ .., .. Whether these behaviours are formally altruistic or spiteful, however, remains to be seen. What may be going on is a life-or-death lottery that carries extremely good odds. [6] In the case of sperm in internally fertilising species, we expect the majority of competition among sperm to function within the female, and we therefore use the single female as the population measure p in Figure 1. Annotated list of shell-bearing gastropods Further experiments that mix differentially labelled sperm would provide opportunities to test the potential for sperm kin recognition and spermsperm interactions in general. Description of some new species of shells. Golikov A.N., Starobogatov Ya.I. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Taking two competing queens as an example, we can recalculate relatedness using the formula: r = (pR - p)/(pA - p) but where p (the population frequency) is no longer the frequency of the focal allele in the whole population of bees, but the average frequency in the two queens (local frequency). Appreciating this sociality is a promising step forward in unravelling the mystery of subfertile or sterile sperm. Strathmann M.F., Strathmann R.R. Pers. If a female mates once, all sperm have the same probability of sharing genes, and relatedness at the scale of the female is zero. Duggins, personal observation) can consume urchins, but the crabs and eels are rare in this benthic community, and Fusitriton, while common, eats urchins rarely (D. 0. When interacting with relatives, a sperm has the opportunity to transmit its genes by helping other sperm that carry them (indirect fitness) as well as by personally fertilising an egg (direct fitness) [16]. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusitriton&oldid=1010071512, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2021, at 17:24. Sperm evolution requires one to consider Darwinian selection on multiple interacting parties and at multiple levels, and this lends itself to the tools of sociobiology: kin selection and multi-level selection theory [4]. If sperm are all equally likely to be crippled, and pairing more than doubles their chances of fertilisation, it is in each sperm's personal fitness interest to buy a ticket [15]. The ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa is investigated for the first time in the Volutidae and results obtained for P. mirabilis from testis material are essentially as observed in Z. dufresnei, although the euspermatozoan acrosome still has to achieve its compressed transverse profile. WebAbstract. [1] Species [ edit] Species within the genus Fusitroton include: [1] Fusitriton brasiliensis Cossignani & Cossignani, 2003 Fusitriton galea Kuroda & Habe, 1961 Fusitriton glassi Swinnen, 2019 Fusitriton laudandus Finlay, 1926 The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. Similarly, carabid beetle species with more complex male genitalia and longer periods of mate guarding, characteristics typical of species with a high risk of inter-male sperm competition, tend to have relatively large sperm bundles, suggesting that sperm competition promotes the evolution of larger sperm groups [14]. The nature of starfish WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. The second male's sperm are less likely than average to share genes with the first (negative relatedness, Box 1), which can favour sperm that harm themselves just to reduce the chance that the other male's sperm fertilise eggs (spite). Where there is the potential for altruistically helping close relatives, the potential to spitefully harm others naturally follows. This is nowhere more important than in the measure of genetic relatedness. What is clear is that the spermmale partnership can be an uneasy one, steeped in potential conflicts. Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 Fusitriton oregonensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos Google image | No photo available for this species. Unsolved Mystery Or in the terminology of social evolution, sperm are always unrelated at any female re-mating frequency (dotted line, Figure 1A) if we measure average genetic relatedness among sperm at the scale of the female (see Box 1). But in other species, there may be a case for spitefully suicidal sperm. This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. Part I. As we have seen, sperm can benefit from joining forces with others, helping their kin, or even harming others. Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. Total length 13 cm. Human sperm were famously suggested to be heteromorphic, comprising one type that contributed to fertilisation and another, the kamikaze sperm, that sacrificed its own chances of fertilisation to neutralise the sperm of competing ejaculates, for example by blocking, incapacitating, or killing rival sperm [28]. It is this 50% inflation relative to the average that gives the commonly cited relatedness among siblings, which is why, evolutionarily speaking at least, you should be nice to your siblings. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Its range extends from the Bering Sea to northern Mexico; it is also found on coastlines in No drawings available for Cymatiidae. This Cymatiidae-related article is a stub. An associated challenge is to understand whether sperm from different males segregate in space and time within multiply-mated females. After mating the female tritons lay the eggs on vertical surfaces and under rock ledges. The Oregon hairy triton was first described by botonist J. H. Redfield in 1848. Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. Our simple relatedness calculations assume that sperm social behaviours have no negative effects on females or on the probability that eggs are left unfertilised (Figure 1, Box 1). [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . While subsequent studies did not support this idea in humans [31,32], similar mechanisms might occur in some snails. (D) Electron microscopy of exquisite sperm head alignment in conjugate sperm pair (credit: Harry Moore). Transcriptomic and mutant studies of sperm will help to reveal their potential to act autonomously and affect one another in an ejaculate, particularly when applied to different sperm haplotypes produced by heterozygous males [37]. Sperm heteromorphism: The analogy with an insect worker caste appears to go even further in species with morphologically distinct sperm types, a phenomenon known as sperm heteromorphism. Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. They contain large stores of glycogen in. (B) Pairs of conjugate sperm attached by the heads, the top pair starting to separate after capacitation. We then turn to more paradoxical cases where the morphology and/or behaviour of a sperm cell actually reduces its probability of fertilisation, and interpret these traits in light of the evolution of altruism and spite (Table 1). Show More The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. At least, there is growing indirect evidence of a link between sperm competition and social grouping. , , 116: 292 .]. In most species, the extent to which the fate of a spermatid is determined by the male parent or by its own haploid genome is unclear. Duggins, personal observation). (A) Paired and single sperm of the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. No, Is the Subject Area "Natural selection" applicable to this article? Examination of the ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoa of three species of Monacha in Egypt revealed that sperm of each of them composed of head, neck region, midpiece and end-piece, which recommend that they are actually three valid species representing this genus of land snails in Egypt. [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 50 samples. Meanwhile, sperm of gyrinid beetles are attached via a third-party rod-like object produced in the male epididymis, the spermatostyle. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the Pacific Ocean. Duggins, personal observation). Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377-378: 550 pp, 79 pls. But do sperm preferentially group with others from the same male, and moreover, is there evidence for sperm altruism? First, we consider cases of sperm cooperation, where sperm have adapted to group together to mutual advantage, much like wolves that hunt in packs. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130.t001. The important open questions for the sociobiology of parasperm are (again): how often do sperm from different males meet in a female? Yes A comparable effect is seen in the opossum. And as for sperm grouping in mammals, it is currently unclear whether these behaviours constitute altruism on the part of the sperm, manipulation of sperm by the male, or some mixture of the two. WebFusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. No, Is the Subject Area "Swimming" applicable to this article? WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. WebDepth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1846) AphiaID 476496 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:476496) Classification Biota Animalia (Kingdom) Mollusca (Phylum) Gastropoda (Class) Caenogastropoda (Subclass) Littorinimorpha (Order) Tonnoidea (Superfamily) Cymatiidae (Family) Fusitriton (Genus) Fusitriton oregonensis Features not previously reported in other ultrastructural studies of paraspermatozoa include the acrosome-like structure of the head, the structure ofthe midpiece zone, the glycogen sheath of the major tail, the dense annular structure at the junction of the midpiece and major tail and the presence of microtubules in the final phase of head and midpiece maturation. WebThese patterns of abundance correlate with feeding preferences and distributional patterns of the predatory snail Fusitriton oregonensis, which occurs only in rocky subtidal sites, prefers ascidians over other invertebrates as prey and prefers phlebobranchs over stolidobranchs. In particular, the presence of foreign sperm better aligns the evolutionary interests of each sperm and its male by increasing the incentive for cooperation with other same-male sperm (Figure 1). (B) Motile grouping of wood mouse sperm (credit: Harry Moore). We will argue here that it does. But it is also clear that the standard measure of relatedness does not usefully predict this behaviour: positive relatedness is not expected to drive fatal conflicts. The nucleus of the parasperm is eliminated during paraspermiogenesis, but there is considerable post-transcriptional secretion activity resulting in the production of a variety of granules, some rich in glycoproteins. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. Shell-bearing gastropods of the intertidal zone of the seas of the USSR. This is because each sperm can benefit from out-swimming another sperm, regardless of whether that sperm comes from the same male or a different male. Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. . Fusitriton oregonensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos Google image | No photo available for this species. And while no speed advantage in grouping was found in the house mouse, Mus musculus [10], sperm groups swim faster than single sperm in the Norway rat [10] and the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (discussed below) [3]. Its range extends from the Bering Sea to northern Mexico; it is also found on coastlines in Helgolnder wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Besides typical spermatozoa, which fertilize eggs, extraordinarily large atypical spermatozoa of extremely bizarre shape are formed in the testis of the protandric marine snailEpitonium tinctum, Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. Not always. The answer is simple: only one is needed to head the colony, and natural selection favours fighting to be the one that does. State Symbols: Mountains to National Wildlife Refuges, Chapter 186 State Emblems; State Boundary, "Washington State University Extension, Intertidal Organisms EZ-ID Guides: Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon triton)", "An extraordinarily long larval duration of 4.5 years from hatching to metamorphosis for teleplanic veligers of, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusitriton_oregonensis&oldid=1010071585, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2021, at 17:24. Habe, T. (1992). WebThe Oregon triton inhabits the intertidal and subtidal to 90 m deep, and is more commonly found on rocky substrates. We are grateful to Andy Gardner, Geoff Parker, John Buckland-Nicks, Greg Neely, Nilay Yapici, and Stuart West for many helpful comments, and to John Buckland-Nicks and Harry Moore for kindly providing photographic material. Finally, parasperm may sometimes reduce the spermicidal effects in the female reproductive tract, thereby saving some eusperm [20,21]. The shells grow from 8 to 13 centimetres (3 to 5in) long. 476496 Finally, in most species of American opossums, sperm rotate to align their head in pairs as they mature in the epididymis, leading to pairs of sperm conjugated by the head and propelled by the coordinated beat of both tails, which results in both a faster and straighter trajectory than solitary swimming sperm [12,13] (Figure 3). [2][3][4], It was declared the state seashell of Oregon in 1989 by the 65th Legislative Assembly. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. One reason might be that it minimises the time that sperm have to survive in a potentially hostile female environment. The shell is light brown in color and is covered with gray-brown bristly periostracum, hence the name "hairy." [10] Under laboratory conditions, the larvae showed no signs of senescence at that point. (1846). Fusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. The eggs are placed in rectangular capsules in a spiral pattern. There is another interpretation that puts the sperm back in the spotlight: perhaps sperm are able to specifically target and group together with their closest relatives. Segregation distorters are groups of linked genes that are able to prevent the proper development of sperm that lack them [3739], such that in a heterozygote male, one half of the sperm will eliminate the other half. PLoS Biol 6(5): Consistent with this imagery, sperm morphology and behaviour in many organisms appears exquisitely designed to maximise the chances of fertilisation of each individual sperm cell [1]. This service is powered by LifeWatch Belgium, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3370106, http://rfems.dvo.ru/images/rfems/bulletin/vol_015_016/article_01.pdf, http://www.biolbull.org/content/213/2/152.full.pdf+html, http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/books/golikov1978_rakov_brjukh_litorali_morei_sssr.djvu, To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (25 publications), To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL), To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Mollusca Collection. It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. Beu A.G. 2010 [August]. In the wood mouse, over 50% of the sperm forming a train undergo a premature acrosome reaction that prevents them from fertilising [3]. Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 50 samples. (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. This opportunity paves the way, in evolutionary terms, for behaviours that reduce an individual sperm's chance of fertilising in order to increase the chances of another: sperm altruism. Insects such as the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, inseminate more sperm than the female can actually store [30]. It occurs occasionally intertidally and is com-mon to 140 fm on rock, sand, shell, or gravel sub-strate. It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click It is here that we can expect sperm to be the most social; here they will diversify in form and function, engaging one another in competition or coalition to satisfy those selfish genes. The answer is a mixture of kinshippassing on shared genes through relativesand coercioninsect workers are born subfertile and have their reproduction policed by other colony members [17]. If these assumptions are incorrect, we would need to consider an additional level of selection generated by competition among sperm populations inseminated in different females. Redfield J.H. Although the mode of action of these sperm is unclear, they are extremely motile and have been suggested to act as a filler that evolved to prevent the female from re-mating by stimulating her sperm storage organ and making it feel full. Formally, relatedness is calculated as (pR- p)/(pA - p) where pR, pA, and p denote focal gene frequency in recipients, actors, and the population (Box 1, [42]). WebThe Oregon triton is a common subtidal species of marine snail found from southern Califor-nia to the Gulf of Alaska and to the eastern Bering Sea. Copyright: 2008 Pizzari and Foster. However, the reference to scale here is easily missed, as it is implicit in the need to define the probability of gene sharing above chance. For example, if there are two alleles at equal frequency in the population at a focal locus, then unrelated people will have probability of having the same allele at that locus. By contrast, males are competing at the scale of the real population, and therefore we measure relatedness among males with that scale of reference. Her evolutionary interests can be complex but, generally speaking, her priorities are to make sure that all of her eggs are fertilised, and that they are fertilised by sperm delivering the best genes for her offspring. Hundreds of sperm agglutinate by the head in the fishfly, Parachauliodes japonicus, and swim into the female spermatheca to the tune of a synchronised tail-beat, which propels them faster in large groups than in small [9]. This is not yet clear. Reproduction: Each triton is one gender. Finally, we must better understand how the insemination of different ejaculates affects female fitness. One interpretation is that these sperm are simply developmental failures, but their sheer numbers, more than half of the sperm of an ejaculate in some cases, suggest otherwise [2]. [1] Species [ edit] Species within the genus Fusitroton include: [1] Fusitriton brasiliensis Cossignani & Cossignani, 2003 Fusitriton galea Kuroda & Habe, 1961 Fusitriton glassi Swinnen, 2019 Fusitriton laudandus Finlay, 1926 WebThe gastropod Fusitriton oregonensis (Eaton 1971), wolf eels, and lithoid crabs (D. 0. (A) Sperm's perspective (population is at the scale of the female). WebThe mechanisms by which Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis persists in the presence of F. oregonensis is unknown. The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. The U-shaped outer layer of each mitochondrial element has been reported here in the subfamily Odontocimbiolinae and may prove to be a diagnostic feature of the Volutidae family. In order to make social evolution predictions, relatedness should always be measured at the locus or loci in the genome that drive the social action of interest (average across-genome measures are only a proxy for the loci that drive a behaviour). (1986). No, Is the Subject Area "Ova" applicable to this article? The ultrastructure of the paraspermatic cells (atypical spermatozoa) in the male genital tracts of nine species of marine Prosobranchia is described and these cells derive from the same germinal line as the typical spermatozoon, and seem to be homogeneous in their general constitution. As our simple analysis shows (Figure 1), negative relatedness between sperm abounds within the sperm storage organ of a promiscuous female, in which sperm of multiple males mingle, setting the scene for spite. Fusitriton oregonensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos Google image | No photo available for this species. Yes Its range extends from the Bering Sea to northern Mexico; it is also found on coastlines in This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. A swimming sperm cell appears to perfectly capture the individualist Darwinian struggle, as it frantically races onwards towards a waiting egg. WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Unsolved Mysteries discuss a topic of biological importance that is poorly understood and in need of research attention. He has little to gain from sperm infighting, and instead only seeks to ensure that all of the eggs available are fertilised by his sperm. WebAbstract. No, Is the Subject Area "Sperm head" applicable to this article? It is notable, however, that these sperm groups form either before or shortly after ejaculation. (A) Wood mouse A. sylvaticus sperm train where sperm are attached hook-to-hook or hook-to-flagellum (credit: Harry Moore). These social sperm are often highly adapted to the task. And, developmentally, are sperm able to influence whether they become a parasperm or a eusperm? VENUS (The Japanese Journals of Malacology). 50(4) 302304. WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head. Evidence supports the conclusion of Healy (1988b) that Vermetoidea are not closely related to lower caenogastropods, such as Cerithioidea and related groups and for the first time, nuclear degradation in parasperm of VermetOidea is shown to progress by an apoptotic mechanism. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 A fuller understanding of the biology of these systems is required [24]. Consider, for example, two sisters queens in a honeybee colony.