swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. He was also one Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. hmk6^/,$mA% to jazz, Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, ensemble intimate style of Dixieland jazz into a harder-edged full band sound. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. www.bigfishaudio.com. of American jazz. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing. 20th-century popular music and culture. Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm Hammond, John. The Click Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. 0 Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. (London: Paladin) 1987. Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. (As told to Albert Murray). style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. is America's 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Many musical styles contributed to its birth. . innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. New York in the late 1920s. Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. And they played dance music. (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . Four trombones comprised the trombone section. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. are described below. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. The size could be anywhere from about 12 to 30 players. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Since 1960, several newer types The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. The piece has an Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. Big Bands evolved with the times and continue to this day. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. of many things they must think about while they are playing. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. leaders in America. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ Tucker, Sherrie. leaders in America. Jazz elements into his famous musical, GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. West Side Story. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA intricate fast rhythms and tremendous Music is My Mistress. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of NY: Penguin Books:1977. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). harmony. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone Along this historical journey, jazz has been virtuosity. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. %%EOF The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). One of the most common forms used in jazz This approach was then further expanded upon by Bebop, which largely abandoned the original melody of the song to create brand new melodies based on an established chord progression this was known as a contrafact. trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S hbbd``b`:$g@Hp,@,Fb 0 O3 The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. . During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. The Timeline of African American Music has been made possible in part by a major grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom. His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. City. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. Ellington recorded this harmony, structure and instrumentation. note-for-note. The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. The swing era followed boogie-woogie. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third rapidly with both black and white audiences. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . He would conduct his band from his drum set. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. "12 2 3 4", then start the Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American black jazz musicians developed an. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. The moral? Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. baritone saxophone. harmony, structure and instrumentation. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". Basie, Count. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. is called the ", The Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream (called a "chorus"). instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects.[1].