characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. This site contains PDF documents. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. ", Tables D.4 D.7. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Section D. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Merkebu Getachew. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. Abstract and Figures. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. [10] This has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. . "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Land use function 2 2.2. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. The Blue Nile River. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . 1401 Constitution Ave NW External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Agriculture. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. Section D. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 . Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. <i>Objective</i>. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Washington, DC 20230. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Title. [7], Of Ethiopia's total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. An estimated 85 percent of the . In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Private . A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Cookies on OCLC websites. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. This can be attributed to two factors. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. "National Statistical Abstract. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Official websites use .gov Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo.