"[161] The tour began on November 23 at Towson State University, which was Vaughan's first performance with Double Trouble after rehab. So I drove down. The Europeans, accustomed to a quieter, folk blues style, cringed at the sheer volume level emitted by the Texas trio.". In 2003, David Fricke of Rolling Stone ranked him the seventh greatest guitarist of all time. King) and Johnny "Guitar" Watson. Stevie Ray Vaughan wrote The House Is Rockin', Scratch-N-Sniff and Say What!. Tickets: $14 to $18.50 . [19] He had learned the Yardbirds' "Jeff's Boogie" and played the song at the band audition. [227] Vaughan had a single number-one hit on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for the song "Crossfire". In his biography, "Raisin' Cain", Winter says that he was unnerved after reading Vaughan stating in an interview that he never met or knew Johnny Winter. Four Years In Pictures: Offstage With Stevie Ray Vaughan, 1986-1990. In 1972, he dropped out of high school and moved to Austin, where he began to gain a following after playing gigs on the local club circuit. [16] When Jimmie left home at age sixteen, Vaughan's apparent obsession with the guitar caused a lack of support from his parents. We just went out and played, and it fit like a glove. 35-year-old Vaughan and the others on board the helicopter, including the pilot, were killed instantly. [151] Before that, Vaughan had briefly used other drugs such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and Quaaludes, the brand name for methaqualone. [170], After the In Step recording sessions moved to Los Angeles, Vaughan added horn players Joe Sublett and Darrell Leonard, who played saxophone and trumpet respectively on both "Crossfire" and "Love Me Darlin'". [73] In January 1983, Vaughan recorded guitar on six of the album's eight songs, including the title track and "China Girl". People will most definitely come. We have faced down many challenges over our shared history. [193], Vaughan's relationship with another Texas blues legend, Johnny Winter, was a little more complex. [95] Tommy Shannon described the tour as "glorious": "Our record hadn't become that successful yet, but we were playing in front of coliseums full of people. "[84] The performance earned Vaughan a positive review published in the New York Post, asserting that Double Trouble outperformed Adams. Vaughan's grandfather, Thomas Lee Vaughan, married Laura Belle LaRue and moved to Rockwall County, Texas where they lived by sharecropping. [49][nb 9], In early October 1978, Vaughan and Double Trouble earned a frequent residency performing at one of Austin's most popular nightspots, the Rome Inn. [113] As his scheduled time slot drew closer, he indicated that he preferred traveling to the venue by limousine to avoid being swarmed by fans on the street; the band took the stage around 8:00p.m.[114] The audience of 2,200 people, which included Vaughan's wife, family and friends, transformed the venue into what Stephen Holden of The New York Times described as "a whistling, stomping roadhouse". Variety wrote that their ninety-minute set at the Beacon "left no doubt that this young Texas musician is indeed the 'guitar hero of the present era. With that, the life of one of the most influential and . He was only 35 years old. Stevie Ray Vaughan. Some of the work sounds like [it was] the work of half-dead people. The marriage was to last for six and a half years. [145] Though many critics claimed that most of the album was overdubbed, engineer Gary Olazabal, who mixed the album, asserted that most of the material was recorded poorly. Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble, Santana and the Fabulous Thunderbirds will perform Sunday at 6 p.m. at the Pacific Amphitheatre, 100 Fair Drive, Costa Mesa. Minutes after its 12:30 a.m. takeoff, the helicopter crashed, killing Vaughan and the other four passengers. [116][nb 15] Double Trouble went on to perform renditions of the Isley Brothers' "Testify", The Jimi Hendrix Experience's "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)", "Tin Pan Alley", Elmore James' "The Sky Is Crying", and W. C. Clark's "Cold Shot", along with four original compositions including "Love Struck Baby", "Honey Bee", "Couldn't Stand the Weather", and "Rude Mood". His loud volume required powerful and robust amplifiers. [57], On December 5, 1979, while Vaughan was in a dressing room before a performance in Houston, an off-duty police officer arrested him after witnessing him using cocaine near an open window. Image Source: https://redd.it. Make Offers!! [140] On July 17 and 18, the band performed sold-out concerts at the Austin Opera House, and July 19 at the Dallas Starfest. When they closed it down, the owner gave me the sign, so in the video we put that up behind me on the stage. His daughter was born after Stevie Ray Vaughan's death, in 1990. All the radio station personalities, DJs, program directors, all the retail record store owners and the important managers, press, all the executives from New York came downabout seven hundred people. Events. I'd been playing it wrong for a long time and needed to go back and listen to my original record. Four Years In Pictures; 1 st Edition. [59] Double Trouble was the opening act for Muddy Waters, who said about Vaughan's substance abuse: "Stevie could perhaps be the greatest guitar player that ever lived, but he won't live to get 40 years old if he doesn't leave that white powder alone. Martinez eventually convinced Stevie to change to slightly lighter strings. [62] Along with a stipulation of entering treatment for drug abuse, he was required to "avoid persons or places of known disreputable or harmful character"; he refused to comply with both of these orders. [160] On December 31, 1986, they played a concert at Atlanta's Fox Theatre, which featured encore performances with Lonnie Mack. Her former singer ex had died alongside 4 others in a helicopter crash in 1990. [9][nb 3] Learning by ear he diligently committed himself, following along to songs by the Nightcaps, particularly "Wine, Wine, Wine" and "Thunderbird". [48] In early July, Vaughan befriended Lenora Bailey, known as "Lenny", who became his girlfriend, and ultimately his wife. He'd have been remarkable in any era, but Stevie Ray Vaughan arrived just at the right time in the long history of the electric blues. Gibbons had commissioned Hamilton to build the guitar in 1979. [87] "Lenny" served as a tribute to his wife, which he composed at the end of their bed. [115] Jimmie Vaughan later commented: "I was worried the crowd might be a little stiff. Stevie Ray Vaughan Guitars and Gear List (with Videos) Christopher D. Schiebel August 10, 2022. It was Stevie Ray Vaughan who introduced me to blues, and from there I discovered other artists, like Robert Johnson and Albert King. There were a lot of odds and we still stayed strong. Stevie Ray Vaughan died at just 35-years-old. [97] Layton later recalled working with Hammond: "he was kind of like a nice hand on your shoulder, as opposed to someone that jumped in and said, 'let's redo this, let's do that more.' On April 22, the band flew to NYC for a one-off gig at the Danceteria nightclub to play for the Rolling Stones. "[77], With the success of Let's Dance, Bowie requested Vaughan as the featured instrumentalist for the upcoming Serious Moonlight Tour, realizing that he was an essential aspect of the album's groundbreaking success. [165] Following a month-long tour as the opening act for Robert Plant in May 1988, which included a concert at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens, the band was booked for a European leg, which included 22 performances, and ended in Oulu, Finland on July 17. [41] In March, readers of the Austin Sun voted them as Band of the Year. Steve Ray Vaughan is regarded as one of the most influential and popular blues guitarists of all time. [31], In March 1973, Vaughan joined Marc Benno's band, the Nightcrawlers, having met Benno at a jam session years before. [135][nb 18] Critic Jimmy Guterman of Rolling Stone wrote: "there's some life left in their blues rock pastiche; it's also possible that they've run out of gas. Family Style, released shortly after his death, won the 1991 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album and became his best-selling, non-Double Trouble studio album with over a million shipments in the U.S.[215] In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked him seventh among the "100 Greatest Guitar Players of All Time". Four years prior, a breakdown put him in a hospital . There were some great notes that came out, but I just wasn't in control; nobody was. "[104] According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford, the album "was a major turning point in Stevie Ray Vaughan's development" and Vaughan's singing improved. She died at 65, 28 years after the death of Stevie who was 35. The label released several promotional singles and videos for the collaborative effort. [23], In February 1970, Vaughan joined a band called Liberation, which was a nine-piece group with a horn section. [128] He was also allowed a relaxed pace of recording the album, which contributed to a lack of focus due to excesses in alcohol and other drugs. Did you know that Stevie Ray Vaughan and his band Double Trouble were the first unsigned musicians to be included in the Montreux Jazz Festival? [33] The next month, the Nightcrawlers recorded an album at Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood for A&M Records. Vaughan had hit albums with his band . Answer (1 of 5): NO! Soon afterward, Vaughan and Lenny went to the island of Saint Croix, on the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea, where they had spent some time vacationing in December. EMI America / Epic. The life of blues-rock icon Stevie Ray Vaughan was under a microscope even before his tragic death in a helicopter accident in 1990. [62] The incident later caused him to refuse maid service while staying in hotels during concert tours. flipped into. "[134], Released on September 30, 1985, Soul to Soul peaked at number 34 and remained on the Billboard 200 through mid-1986, eventually certified gold. According to Vaughan, his first instrument was a drum set fashioned out of shoe boxes and pie pans, using clothes hangers as drum sticks. Stevie fit in like a glove on a hand. He plays all your [songs].' It is filled with testimonials from those who knew him best and from fans everywhere, along with facts about tour dates and recordings, stories about his bands and life on the road, rare artistic and historic photographs and more. "[148] According to the authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford: "In the ensuing twenty-five years, he had worked his way through the Physicians' Desk Reference before finding his poisons of preferencealcohol and cocaine. [36] Ham left the band stranded in Mississippi without any way to make it back home and demanded reimbursement from Vaughan for equipment expenses; Ham was never reimbursed. Music: Youtube MusicAll pictures are google and no copyrightIF you want to give me any information or copyright I will delete my video.email adress: latest.p. Since Stevie was unmarried at the time of his death and had no children there was no one to receive what would have been the big-ticket item from the lawsuit -. Kenny Vaughan is married to his wife Carmella Ramsey. "I started off my drinking and using career, oh I guess early 60s, when I . "[93], On June 16, Vaughan gave a performance at Tango nightclub in Dallas, which celebrated the album's release. [38] For the next two-and-a-half years, he earned a living performing weekly at a popular venue in town, the Soap Creek Saloon, and ultimately the newly opened Antone's, widely known as Austin's "home of the blues". That's . Although Vaughan was nervous about performing after achieving sobriety, he received positive reassurance. [99], On October 4, 1984, Vaughan headlined a performance at Carnegie Hall that included many guest musicians. His tragic death in 1990 at age 35 cut short a brilliant career in blues and American rock & roll just as he . I'll say right now he is the clone of Stevie Ray Vaughn , ritual with musicians while his mother went into labor and he was born on Stevie Ray Vaughn's birthday 10/3. [174] It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200, spending 47 weeks on the chart. Although his mainstream career spanned only seven years, he is regarded as one of the most influential musicians in the history of blues music, and one of the greatest guitarists of all time. Phares later described the performance: "they tore the house down. She continued modelling and traveling with a new . He became one of the world's most highly demanded blues performers, and he headlined Madison Square Garden in 1989 and the Beale Street Music Festival in 1990. We attacked in Dallas first with Q102-FM and [DJ] Redbeard. [204] Vaughan used a Gibson Johnny Smith to record "Stang's Swang", and a Guild 12-string acoustic for his performance on MTV Unplugged in January 1990. In 1987, Vaughan listed Lonnie Mack first among the guitarists he had listened to, both as a youngster and as an adult. [47] Vaughan then began looking for a drummer and soon after, he met Chris Layton through Sublett, who was his roommate. 19. [99] Jimmie Vaughan played rhythm guitar on his cover of Guitar Slim's "The Things That I Used to Do" and the title track, in the latter of which Vaughan carries a worldly message in his lyrics. Layton recalled: "we wrote the music, and they had to write the lyrics. The album, Texas Flood, opens with the track "Love Struck Baby", which was written for Lenny on their "love-struck day". "[161] Bramhall, who had also entered rehab, wrote songs with Vaughan about addiction and redemption. [163] This prevented him from writing and recording songs for almost two years, but Double Trouble wrote the song "Crossfire" with Bill Carter and Ruth Ellsworth. "[177] According to music journalist Robert Christgau, Vaughan was "writing blues for AAhe escapes the blues undamaged for the first time in his career. Stevie Ray Vaughan 's lead guitar work on David Bowie 's Let's Dance served as his introduction to the world, particularly his outro solo on the title track. He performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1982, where David Bowie saw him play. [137] Vaughan commented: "as far as what's on there song-wise, I like the album a lot. We had just gotten together; Stevie was unable to be there at that time. A sunburst Diplomat Strat-style guitar was purchased by Vaughan and given to his girlfriend Janna Lapidus to learn to play on. '"[96], In January 1984, Double Trouble began recording their second studio album, Couldn't Stand the Weather, at the Power Station, with John Hammond as executive producer and engineer Richard Mullen. Jimmie Lawrence Vaughan (born March 20, 1951) is an American blues rock guitarist and singer based in Austin, Texas. [5] His father died on August 27, 1986, exactly four years before Vaughan himself. Published on 10/01/2020. Vaughan's music continued to achieve commercial success with several posthumous releases and has sold over 15million albums in the United States alone. "[84], After acquiring the recordings from Browne's studio, Double Trouble began assembling the material for a full-length LP. "[149], Stevie and I reached this point where we had to have the drugs and alcohol all the time. Vaughan used two black-face Fender Super Reverbs, which were crucial in shaping his clear overdriven sound. The guitar was presented to him on his birthday in 1980, and that night, after bringing "Lenny" (the guitar, and wife) home with him, he wrote the song, "Lenny". The room there was built for acoustic jazz. Stephen Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 August 27, 1990) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and frontman of the blues rock trio Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble. [143] Guitarist Denny Freeman attended the Austin performances; he called the shows a "musical mess, because they would go into these chaotic jams with no control. The guitar famously gets its nickname from Jimmie's jagged carving of the word "Jimbo" on the back of the guitar. [100] The album includes Vaughan's cover of Jimi Hendrix's song, "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)", which provoked inevitable comparisons to Hendrix. Among those at the public ceremony were Jeff Healey, Charlie Sexton, ZZ Top, Colin James, Stevie Wonder, Bonnie Raitt and Buddy Guy. [26] His pursuit of a musical career was disapproved of by many of the school's administrators but he was also encouraged by many people, including his art teacher, to strive for a career in art. Surprisingly, Vaughan didn't die with as much money as many people might've imagined. 14 watching. [168] According to Vaughan, the album was titled In Step because "I'm finally in step with life, in step with myself, in step with my music. [208], Vaughan throughout his career revived blues rock and paved the way for many other artists. It also had a 1910 Mandolin inlay just below the bridge. The set ended with Vaughan performing solo renditions of "Lenny" and "Rude Mood". It started off in the gent's at the Speakeasy - as most of his stories do. [105] For the second half of the concert, he added Jimmie as rhythm guitarist, drummer George Rains, keyboardist Dr. John, Roomful of Blues horn section, and featured vocalist Angela Strehli. [165] According to biographer Craig Hopkins, as many as 20,000 people attended the concert. It . He successfully completed rehabilitation and began touring again with Double Trouble in November 1986. When questioned on the comparison (as he often was), Vaughan was characteristically modest: There . Originally, Eric Clapton would be in the helicopter, but he gave up traveling. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Shannon later commented: "I went down there that night, and I'll never forget this: it was like, when I walked in the door and I heard them playing, it was like a revelation. Vaughan's work continues to influence numerous blues, rock, and alternative artists, including John Mayer,[209] Kenny Wayne Shepherd,[210] Mike McCready,[211] Albert Cummings,[212] Los Lonely Boys and Chris Duarte among others. [194] Asked to compare their playing styles in an interview in 2010, Winter admitted that "mine's a little bit rawer, I think. Stephen Ray Vaughan (October 3, 1954 - August 27, 1990) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and frontman of the blues rock trio Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble. [15] He received Jimmie's Fender Broadcaster, which he later traded for an Epiphone Riviera. Vaughan performing at the Ritz Theater in Austin, Texas, March 1983, Original 19831989 releases are marked in. That was in '78, I believe. Janna Lapidus Leblanc with Stevie Ray Vaughan, 1988. [72] While they were in the studio, Vaughan received a telephone call from David Bowie, who had met him after the Montreux performance, and he invited him to participate in a recording session for his next studio album, Let's Dance. Brand: Fuagziha . [63] After a lawyer was hired, his probation officer had the sentence revised to allow him to work outside of the state. RARE!! According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford, Bill Ham had invested $11,000 for a, Vaughan and Lenny married on December 23, 1979, at the Rome Inn, after he had a dream that Lenny was sitting on, According to authors Joe Nick Patoski and Bill Crawford, "like the audiences' adverse reaction to Muddy Waters' debut in England in 1958 as recorded by blues scholar Paul Oliver, Stevie's full-volume electric blues experience was 'meat that proved too strong for many stomachs.' [61], During the final court date on April 17, 1980, Vaughan was sentenced with two years' probation and was prohibited from leaving Texas. [22][nb 5] Within a few years, they began performing together in a band called Krackerjack. Jimbo became Stevie's main guitar until the end of 1970. Lenora Darlene Vaughan formerly Bailey is the ex-wife of Stevie Ray Vaughan. Ohhhhhhhh, people will come, Ray. Mike Steinbach, the group's drummer, commented: "The kid was fourteen. He is the older brother of the late Texas blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan.. Several notable blues guitarists have had a significant influence on Vaughan's playing style, including the "Three Kings" (Albert, Freddie, and B.B. [7][nb 2] In 1961, for his seventh birthday, Vaughan received his first guitar, a toy guitar from Sears with a Western motif. His wooden casket quickly became adorned with bouquets of flowers. The cause of her death may be related to an ailment as her daughter had given insight. He insisted the festival's blues night would be great with Vaughan, whom he called "a jewel, one of those rarities who comes along once in a lifetime", and Nobs agreed to book Double Trouble on July 17, 1982.[65]. Step back in time and relive the glamour and scandal of yesteryear with our nostalgic photo gallery. Listen to 'A Dynamic New Sound' - the Album That Introduced the Genius of Jazz Guitar Innovator Wes Montgomery to the World. It was one of those magical evenings. We auditioned him on 'Jeff's Boogie,' really fast instrumental guitar, and he played it note for note. Stevie Ray Vaughan had a Fender Strat that he referred to as his number one Strat. [21] Later that year, bassist Tommy Shannon walked into a Dallas club and heard Vaughan playing guitar. [51] She remembered: "I'm not an authority on musicit's whatever turned me onbut this did. I didn't know what exactly was going on, but I was concerned. [17] Miserable at home, he took a job at a local hamburger stand, where he washed dishes and dumped trash for seventy cents an hour. [43], Vaughan toured with the Cobras during much of 1977, but near the end of September, when they decided to strive for a mainstream musical direction, he left the band and formed Triple Threat Revue, which included singer Lou Ann Barton, bassist W. C. Clark, and drummer Fredde "Pharaoh" Walden. "[178] In October 1989, the Boca Raton News described Vaughan's guitar solos as "determined, clear-headed and downright stinging" and his lyrics as "tension-filled allegories". [191] On another occasion, Vaughan said that he had learned tremolo picking and vibrato from Mack and that Mack had taught him to "play guitar from the heart. The album was released posthumously on July 29, 1997, by Epic Records; it was ultimately certified gold. After growing tired of the Dallas music scene, he dropped out of school and moved with the band to Austin, Texas, which had more liberal and tolerant audiences. She was preceded in death by her husband Jimmie Lee Vaughan and her son Stevie Ray Vaughan. The younger brother of Jimmie Vaughan of The Fabulous Thunderbirds fame became starstruck at an early age. STEVIE RAY VAUGHAN: "A great traditionalist with a flow for revitalizing blues and r&b. I love his style, but I don't see the correlation between him and Jimi Hendrix that everybody tries to make." . He also struggled with the personal and professional pressures of fame and his marriage to Lenora "Lenny" Bailey. A blog dedicated to Stevie Ray Vaughan, one of the greatest guitarists of all time. And I said, 'Dadgum.' Vaughan opened with a medley arrangement of Freddie King's song "Hide Away" and his own fast instrumental composition, "Rude Mood". [118], The Dallas Times-Herald wrote of the performance at Carnegie Hall as; "was full of stomping feet and swaying bodies, kids in blue jeans hanging off the balconies, dancing bodies that clogged the aisles. [173] The album was Vaughan's most commercially successful release and his first one to win a Grammy Award. "[137] According to Patoski and Crawford, sales of the album "did not match Couldn't Stand the Weather, suggesting Stevie Ray and Double Trouble were plateauing". "[112] The performance was recorded and later released as an official live LP. They had a son, Jimmie, in 1951. He goes, 'that doesn't matter. 8. "[192] Mack recalled his first meeting with Vaughan in 1978: We was in Texas looking for pickers, and we went out to see the Thunderbirds. "[98], During recording sessions, Vaughan began experimenting with other combinations of musicians, including Fran Christina and Stan Harrison, who played drums and saxophone respectively on the jazz instrumental, "Stang's Swang". [229] He also became eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, but did not appear on a nominations roster until 2014. [161] The album also included one of his first recordings to feature the use of a Fuzz Face on Vaughan's cover of the Howlin' Wolf song, "Love Me Darlin'". Vaughan made some alterations to the guitar, including replacing the bronze color Gibson knobs with white Fender knobs, as he preferred the ribbing on the Fender knobs. It can be decorated, office, basement, garage, university dormitory, children's room, game room, bar, house, living room, kitchen, restaurant, shop, club, bistro ; Buy it with + + Total price: To see our price, add . [198] He had started using a borrowed Stratocaster during high school and used Stratocasters predominantly in his live performances and recordings, although he did play other guitars, including custom guitars.[199]. His estate totaled just $672,057.56. Stevie Ray Vaughan didn't play just one kind of strings Like most guitarists, Stevie experimented with different string gauges throughout the course of his career, ranging from .011-.058 gauge to as high as .018-.074 gauge. We grew a lot with the people in the band and immediate friends around us; we learned a lot and grew a lot closer. Did you know David Bowie saw them perform during that event and invited them to record with him? A portion of the show was broadcast on local radio, but as of 2014, only one song has officially been released. [103] According to AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Couldn't Stand the Weather "confirmed that the acclaimed debut was no fluke, while matching, if not bettering, the sales of its predecessor, thereby cementing Vaughan's status as a giant of modern blues. [51] During a performance, Edi Johnson, an accountant at Manor Downs, noticed Vaughan. [66] People's James McBride wrote: He seemed to come out of nowhere, a Zorro-type figure in a riverboat gambler's hat, roaring into the '82 Montreux festival with a '59 Stratocaster at his hip and two flame-throwing sidekicks he called Double Trouble. They recorded two songs, "Red, White and Blue" and "I Heard a Voice Last Night", for a compilation album, A New Hi, that featured various teenage bands from Dallas. The guitar was presented to him by Jim Hamilton on April 29, 1984. Given his legendary status in rock music . Assorted VIPs attended the performance, including Ted Nugent, Sammy Hagar, and members of The Kinks and Uriah Heep. [171] Shortly before the album's production was complete, Vaughan and Double Trouble appeared at a presidential inaugural party in Washington, D.C. for George H. W. There's the one about when he wanted to sell me a car. "[112] Vaughan commented: "We won't be limited to just the trio, although that doesn't mean we'll stop doing the trio. [75], In mid-March 1983, Gregg Geller, vice president of A&R at Epic Records, signed Double Trouble to the label at the recommendation of record producer John Hammond. He used a vintage Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face that can be heard on In Step, as well as an Octavia. [nb 11] Hodges stated that many people disliked the idea of Double Trouble opening for The Moody Blues, but asserted that a common thread that both bands shared was "album-oriented rock". [129] Roadie Byron Barr later recalled: "the routine was to go to the studio, do dope, and play ping-pong. [37][nb 7], In 1975, Vaughan joined a six-piece band called Paul Ray and the Cobras which included guitarist Denny Freeman and saxophonist Joe Sublett. I was sure he'd be dead before he hit 30. [83] Brandenburg described the performance as "ungodly": "I think Stevie played every lick as loud and as hard and with as much intensity as I've ever heard him. Although they met several times, and often played sessions with the same musicians or even performed the same material, as in the case of Boot Hill, Vaughan always refrained from acknowledging Winter in any form.
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